ABSTRACT
The mucosal immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens such as bacteria and viruses invading the bodies. The female reproductive tract mucosal immune system not only resists the invasion of pathogens through innate and adaptive immunity, but also contribute to successfully fertilization and pregnancy, thus maintaining the health of women′s reproductive system. The innate immunity of female genital tract involves the mechanical barrier of the mucosal epithelium, microbial barrier of commensal bacteria, immunological barrier of immune cells and their receptors, and adaptive immunity including B cell-mediated humoral immunity and T cell-mediated cellular immunity. Female genital mucosal immunity is not only involved in local inflammation, but may also have anti-tumor effects. Moreover, the female genital tract mucosal immune is also regulated by sex hormone to maintain a homeostasis of local microenvironment. Herein, this paper summarized recent progress in female genital mucosal immunity.
ABSTRACT
Two sample pretreatment methods of pesticide residues in Panax notoginseng of Chinese traditional medicine were developed. For Method I, the residues were extracted from homogenized tissue with n-hexane-dichloromethane (6:4) by means of ultrasonication, the crude extract was purified by an Envi-carb/NH2 solid-phase extraction (SPE) column. For Method II, matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) technique was used for extracting and cleaning up. The eluates were concentrated by rotary evaporation, and then were redissolved in dichloromethane prior to GC-MS determination. The determination was performed in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode with the external calibration for quantitative analysis. Under the optimal conditions, the results indicated that the methods are easier and faster, the recoveries of method I for the spiked standards at concentration of 0.01, 0.5, and 2.0 mg x kg(-1) were 81.90%-102.10% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 3.60%-7.10%. The recoveries of method II were 96.26%-104.20% with the RSDs of 3.52%-7.94%. The detection limits (S/N) for residues of pesticides were in the range of 0.48-1.34 ng x g(-1). The results indicated that these multiresidue analysis methods can meet the requirements for determination of residue pesticides and can be appropriate for trace analysis of residue pesticides in Panax notoginseng.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate clinical characteristics of aerobic vaginitis AV) and its mixed infections for diagnosis efficiently. Methods From April 2008 to December 2008, 516 patients with vaginitis treated in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital were enrolled in this study. AV, bacterial vaginosis (BV) , vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), trichemonal vaginitis (TV) , and cytolytic vaginosis (CV) were diagnosed based on symptoms, sign and vaginal discharge examination. Results Among 516cases, AV cases were found in 14. 7% (76/516), and AV was common vaginal infection. AV mixed infections was diagnosed in 58% (44/76), including mixed with BV (45%, 20/44), mixed with VVC (30% , 13/44) , and mixed with TV (25% , 11/44). Those common symptom of AV were yellow vaginal discharge (63%, 20/32), more vaginal discharge (44%, 14/32). Vaginal pH value was usually more than 4. 5 (84% , 27/32). Vaginal cleanliness mainly was grade Ⅲ - V (88% , 28/32). Six cases with enterococcus faecium and 4 cases with streptococci were frequently isolated. The symptom and sign of mixed AV infection was atypical. Conclusions Aerobic vaginitis is a common lower vaginal infection and easily mixed with other pathogens, especially with BV, VVC or TV. When patients were diagnosed with AV or other vaginal infection, it should be mentioned whether those patients have mixed vaginal infection or AV.